(自然界的謎團)傳說中的海上都市遺跡 - 南馬都爾
傳說中的海上都市遺跡 - 南馬都爾 (Nan Madol, Micronesia)http://takekuni.k-server.org/places/Nan_m-aerialview.jpg
歷代國王沉眠的密克羅尼西亞聖地
太平洋赤道附近的澎貝島，隸屬密克羅尼西亞聯邦。該島東南部的淺灘，有紅樹林圍繞的南馬都爾遺蹟。
南馬都爾由逾100座以巨石建造的人工島嶼組成；這些島嶼據說為西元500年左右，由邵德雷爾王所構築。
該處海底還殘留以人工方式豎立巨石的痕跡，這些巨石痕跡目前仍謎團重重。
靠獨木舟往來的人工島，歷經1000年才建造完成。
南馬都爾 (Nan Madol) 遺跡所在的澎貝島 (Pohnpei，舊名波納佩島)，為太平洋上的小島，
位於關島東南方大約1500公裡處；與雅浦島 (Yap)、科斯拉耶島 (Kosrae)、春克島 (Chuuk)等島嶼，
同屬密克羅尼西亞聯邦。
澎貝，意指「石祭壇上」。根據島上傳說，古時曾有一群人耐@@W木舟，從遙遠的東方國家來到這裡，
在狹小的土地上疊石建立祭壇謝神。
後來「歐羅西帕與邵德雷爾王朝 (Saudelaur Dynasty)第一代國王歐羅修帕」兩兄弟更率領許多僕人，
從不知名的國家來到這裡，在島上興建了南馬都爾。
南馬都爾意指「在廣闊處」。他們以田文島 (Temwen，位於澎貝島東南方)與珊瑚礁間的廣大沙洲、
潟湖為建地，從田文島東岸的查卡烏山麓，利用大型木筏運來玄武巖建材，按照「漲潮時獨木舟可到、
退潮時步行可達」的設計，構建半人工島；在面積13平方公裡的土地上，建了大約100座建築物。
根據美國俄勒岡大學所作的考古調查，這些建築物為西元500-1500年，歷經1000年陸續增築而成。
地圖
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邵德雷爾王皇宮鳥瞰圖
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皇宮門口
以玄武巖與珊瑚礁構成的海上都市
矗立在南馬都爾入口、意指「高殿」的南特瓦西，為南馬都爾最大建築物。
該建築物為昔日邵德雷爾王朝的皇宮，由一萬3500立方公尺的珊瑚礁與4500
立方公尺的玄武巖構成。高達8公尺的城牆，以直徑50-60公分、長5公尺的
五角形玄武巖，疊成井口木框形。城牆頂部石材向外突出，不僅可防止敵人
入侵還可當作瞭望台用。雙重城牆的外牆與內牆間，有許多可供躲藏的洞穴
與囚禁俘虜的洞穴，可見該王朝曾與其他部族爭戰。
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聳立在海中的玄武巖為龍宮城遺跡?
南特瓦西城牆外側與珊瑚礁相連的海，稱作「卡尼穆梭」。該處和緩的泥沙斜坡。從淺灘延伸到
水深40公尺處；於水深15公尺附近，可見5根粗1公尺、高5公尺的柱子，間隔10公尺排列。這些
具人造物規則性的柱子，表面被珊瑚、貝類等造礁附著生物覆蓋，無法確認原形。如果柱子的中
央部位有玄武巖，它們就極可能經由人手豎立。根據澎貝島已故的口傳者馬沙歐．哈德雷的說法，
「卡尼穆梭」意指龍宮城。巧妙利用海水的邵德雷爾王朝，會在海中營造建築物、宮殿，並不奇怪。
南馬都爾為當地居民崇拜的聖地
澎貝島位於赤道正北方北緯6度54分處，以高溫多雨的島嶼知名。納納拉卡山 (Nahnalaud)、
寧阿尼 (Ngiheni)、特羅邱姆等海拔近800公尺的山頂，終年籠罩在雲中，每天島上總有地方會
下雨。即使以加羅林群島來說，澎貝島的雨量也多得超乎尋常，多雨使得這裡紅樹林發達。目前
整座島嶼的周圍均覆滿紅樹林，連位於外海的珊瑚礁淺灘也遍佈紅樹林，這些紅樹林以造出小島
的氣勢成長。南馬都爾的周圍密生具紅色支持根的五梨跤 (Rhizophora mucronata)，建築物的內
部則長著高大的麵包樹與結著巨大果實的野藪木 (Sonneratia alba)。一旦暴風雨來襲，南馬都爾
即宛如蒸氣室。這裡樹木以驚人的速度成長，只要放任數個月，南馬都爾就會被熱帶植物吞沒。
南馬都爾流傳浦島太郎傳說
澎貝島於1914-1945年曾被日本統治，日本人最初目睹建在海上的南馬都爾時，驚訝於它的精巧
與美麗，聽說南馬都爾除了城牆，於卡尼穆梭還有建築物，自然聯想到龍宮城，有些人乾脆將卡尼
穆梭譯為龍宮城；澎貝島甚至出現浦島太郎傳說。卡尼穆梭附近經常風平浪靜，當時的人如果將石
柱從木筏垂吊入海，由擅長潛水的男子潛入海中加以固定，於海中豎立數根柱子，等架上橫樑，應
該就能在海中建立如磐石的建築物。只是人力終究無法戰勝自然力，該建築物經過漫長歲月，可能
遭到紅樹林流出的泥土淹埋、被颶風摧毀、受造礁生物附著，而演變成今天的模樣。
至今仍膜拜皇室、聖靈
澎貝島居民至今對於被視為皇室的大酋長 (Nahnmwarki)家族，仍深深膜拜。當地居民除了平常
即獻上魚、芋頭、水果等物品；新居或集會所落成時，不忘祝禱他們；使用土地之前，也先徵得他
們同意。當地居民還崇拜精靈(妖精與靈魂)，他們相信妖精生活在山岳、森林、海洋，而人死後則
會變成靈魂。這裡的海中建築物，或許是他們為了祭祀海中精靈而建。
南馬都爾對澎貝人而言，是歷代大酋長安眠的特殊場所。進入者必須先喝下以胡椒科植物「卡瓦
胡椒」(Piper methysticum)之根搾出、具鎮靜作用的飲料，並進行特殊祈禱，然後低著頭由南特瓦西
(Nan Douwas)前面穿過。島上至今仍廣為流傳，忽視島民警告擅自挖掘而招致災禍者的故事。澎貝
人視為聖地、加以保護的南馬都爾，不但是闡明殘留在密克羅尼西亞的巨石文明聖地，也是解開古人
智慧與足跡之謎的寶貴線索。我們今後必須保護南馬都爾，避免它遭受海水與熱帶植物侵蝕。
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http://www.realecology.com/pacific%20slide%20show2/slides/Nan%20Madol%20ruins%202.JPG
MICRONESIA Mysterious Nan Madol, Pohnpei http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/Divider04js.gif
Although dozens of ancient sites exist on Pohnpei, noneexceeds the elite centre of Nan Madol in architectural magnificence.Indeed, no greater record of prehistoric achievement exists in all ofMicronesia than the 92 islets of ancient Nan Madol.
Setapart on the main island of Pohnpei, the ceremonial centre was thescene of human activity as early as the first or second century AD. Bythe 8th or 9th century, islet construction had begun, but thedistinctive megalithic architecture of Nan Madol probably was not begununtil perhaps the latter 12th or early 13th century.
http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/mapa.jpg
The Environs of Nan Madol, Pohnpei, based on
the 1983 U.S. Geological Survey of Pohnpei. Theelite centre was a special place of residence for the nobility and ofmortuary activities presided over by priests. Its population almostcertainly did not exceed 1,000 and may have been less than half that.
Madol Powe, the mortuary sector contains 58islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol. Most of the islets oncewere occupied by the dwellings of priests. Some islets serve specialpurposes, such as food preparations on Usennamw, canoe making onDapahu, and coconut oil preparation on Peinering. High wallssurrounding tombs are located on the mortuary islets of Peinkitel,Nandauwas, Karian, and Lemenkou.
http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/entrance.jpgAn impressive portal marks the entry into the mortuary enclosure of Nandauwas, the crowning achievement of Nan Madol. http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/sketch.jpg Walls up to 25 feet high surround the royal tomb compound of Nandauwas. The centre enclosure contains the islet's largest crypt, flanked by additional tombs to the north and south. http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/entrance1.jpg The second entryway in Nandauwas leads to the inner courtyard and central tomb, where the remains of the deceased saudeleur and, later, the nahnmwarki were interred. Thecrowning achievements of Nan Madol is the royal mortuary islet ofNandauwas. Here, walls of 18 to 25 feet high surround a central tombenclosure within the main courtyard. Karian anchors the east corner ofNan Madol on the edge of the reef facing the open Pacific. Karian'smost distinctive feature is its handsome main entry portal below amassive lintel supporting the upper wall. Peinkitel is built partly onthe shores of Temwen Island, one of the few islets in Nan Madol notbounded on all four sides by the waters of the lagoon. Here within asecondary enclosure, lies a large tomb that is said to contain theremains of the legendary Isokelekel. The hero is supposed to haveconquered the saudeleur and instituted the nahnmwarki title system that persists on Pohnpei to this day.
http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/sketch1.jpg The mortuary islet of Karian anchors the east corner of Nan Madol. An unusual archway gives entry to the courtyard. http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/wall.jpg The 260-foot long north wall of Nandauwas sweeps gracefully upward at its ends. Naturally formed prismatic basalt was laid in skillfully fitted stacks to form the wall. MadolPah, the administration sector contains 34 islets in the southwesternarea of Nan Madol. This was the area of dwellings for the nobility.Kalapuel was said to have quartered Isokelekel and his warriors whenthey first came to Nan Madol.
A network of waterways interconnected the isletsof Nan Madol, while immense seawalls and break-waters protected theisland centre from the unrelenting waves of the Pacific Ocean. Most ofthe islets were rectangular in plan, and all were constructedartificially with cores of coral rubble fill. The majority of theislets were surrounded by retaining walls of basalt boulders andstacked prismatic basalt.
Walls extending above islet basis usuallyconsisted of prismatic basalt stacked in alternating courses of headersand stretchers and filled with coral rubble. Often immense, themegalithic prisms weighed up to five tons or more and sometimesexceeded 15 feet in length. The megaliths were taken from quarries onthe mainland, floated to the remote lagoon site on raft, and liftedinto place with ropes, levers, and inclined planes.
http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/aerial1.jpg An aerial view of Nandauwas shows the outer seawall facing the Pacific Ocean. Karian appears to the upper right. http://www.janeresture.com/micronesia_madol/aerial2.jpgIn this picture, the walls of Nandauwas appear at the top of the pictureThe architectural monuments of thesaudeleursin some sense united all of Pohnpei, as well as solidifying the socialsystem of ancient Pohnpei. The prehistoric architecture of Nan Madol isthe living symbol of the social institutions that long ago brought themagnificent monuments into being.
Walls of Basalt Columns, Nan Madol, Pohnpei (Ponape), Micronesia http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/NM01.jpeg
Nan Madol was a Micronesian urban complex built between 500 and1500C.E. on artificial islands. The islands consisted of seawalls madeofcolumns of basalt stacked like logs, with coral rubble fill behindtheseawalls. Buildings of basalt columns may be present too.
Columnar basalt forms when flowing lava spreads several feetthinkover a laarge area. The lava cools from the top as it loses heatto theatmosphere and from the bottom up as is loses heat to the groundbelow.Like almost any solid, it contracts as it cools. The entire bodydoesnot contract. because the margins of the flow would have to bedraggedinward. Instead, the contract is localized and cracks form,resultingin polygonal columns of basalt that are at most a few feetwide.
Thepeople of Nan Madol used these columns in the same fashion thatmanymainland cultures have used logs for buildings. The basalt columnswerejust much heavier (the downside) but remain centuries later asanindicator of the industry and sophistication of the people whobuiltthese islands.
The images on this page are from pictures taken by Dr. James P.McVey in March 1971 and were taken from the NOAA Photo Library. Theweb also has a page on the archeology of Nan Madol.
http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/NM02.jpeg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nan_madol.jpg/250px-Nan_madol.jpghttp://ja.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
・遺跡（Nan Madol）、連邦島13世紀～15世紀巨石構築物群。
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版大妳太厲害了 文在哪找的呀!??????
這個地方 小弟弟本人要安排暑假去看看 真不可思議，不知道可以追溯到多早以前:confused: :confused: cool ya !!!!
版大妳太厲害了 文在哪找的呀!??????
這個地方 小弟弟本人要安排暑假去看看 哈~ 這是個特別的遺跡耶
居然這麼早以前就有人類想要建造人工島嶼
不知道他們的目的為何
而且他們的技術與科技應該也是很厲害吧!<br><br><br><br><br><div></div> 超棒的圖感謝大大發好圖供我們欣賞真是不錯耶大大謝謝囉 真不可思議，[轉載] (自然界的謎團)傳說中的海上都市遺跡 - 南馬都爾[轉載] (自然界的謎團)傳說中的海上都市遺跡 - 南馬都爾伊莉討論區伊莉討論區不知道可以追溯到多早以前 從圖片看來確實非常有規模...
而且排列整齊..建築技術確實高明... a special city n civilization found 其實懷疑在海底下也有一大堆不可了解之謎~!<br><br><br><br><br><div></div> 真的很不可思議
我是研究人員我一定去一探究竟 厲害厲害厲害厲害厲害 好誇張～～～
不過我也想去那瞧瞧～～～ 真是利害的古代人，
那麼早就在做人工島了。
真的是佩服古代人的智慧。 是不是跟亞特蘭提斯大陸一樣的史前遺跡呢<br><br><br><br><br><div></div>